Paper bag of tea is possible to be one of a lot of factors which caused Global Warming

Aditya Very Cleverina
01
X-1
^^


Ehm... everydaY all over the world, hundreds of , millions of cup of tea are made from tea bags. Why don't the leaves escape from the bag?
Well the bags are made from net-like filter paper that has holes large enough to let boiling waterin, but small enougn not to let any leaves escape!! the paper is also strong enough not to break in a high-speed-tea-packing machine.

















No ordinary paper could meet these exacting demands. Tea bag paper is made from two strong fobers-manila hemp, a long natural fiber (used to make rope) for strength, and thermoplastic fibers to seal the bags.

The two fibers are not woven together-they are laid down as a watery mixture in 2 separate layers. They form paper when the water drains away and the damp web remaining is sequeezed dry thorugh rollers. this gives the paper an irregular web-like structure with pores varying in size.
The paper goes through the tea-packing machine in a sandwich of two strips. The machine measures out the amount of tea on the lower strip, and the bags are formed by heat sealing the sandwich together round the edges..

*adapted by living & leasure sunday posy mey 2 2010

deforestation

deforestation

A. Definition
Deforestation is the clearing of natural forest by logging and burning. Deforestation is a condition when the level of the forest area which was a decline in quality and quantity.

B. Factor

1. Forest Tenure Rights
More than half of Indonesia's forest areas allocated for timber production based on selective logging system. Many timber companies that violate the traditional patterns of ownership or land use rights. If a company applying for permission HPH forest conversion is approved, then the forest will be cleared out and converted to forest plantations or plantation industry.

2. Industrial plantation forests
Industrial plantation forests have been heavily promoted and given a subsidy as a way to provide timber supplies for the rapidly growing industry in Indonesia, but this way of bringing pressure on natural forests. There is the possibility of land has been cleared or in the near future will be cleared. But only about 2 million ha have been planted, while the remaining area of 7 million ha of open land that became neglected and unproductive.

3. Plantation
Spike of plantation development, especially oil palm plantations, is another cause of deforestation. Nearly 7 million ha of forest had been approved for conversion to plantations until the end of 1997 and this forest has almost certainly been cleared.

4. Illegal logging
Illegal logging is a hands-on cutting of trees in the forests of the country illegally. Felling trees within the meaning actually for the purpose of illegal timber exploitation. Production of wood from logging concessions, industrial timber plantations and forest conversion as a whole provides less than half the wood raw material needed by the wood processing industry in Indonesia. Imported timber is relatively small, and the shortcomings of pembalaka illegally filled.

5. Convention Land
The role of small-scale traditional agriculture, compared with other causes of deforestation, are the subject of great controversy. There are no accurate estimates are available about the extent of the forests are opened by small-scale farmers.

6. Transmigration Program
Pemindahkan residents of densely populated Java Island to other islands. The program is expected to open forest land nearly 2 million ha during the whole period. In addition, small farmers and small-scale investors are opportunists as well as the causes of deforestation contribute because they build plantation land, the forest was opened to logging and plantation operations that its scale is greater.

7. Population Density
Fraser (1996) suggested that growth of population density is a fundamental explanation to the problem of deforestation in Indonesia. Population density data for each province in Indonesia has shown an inverse relationship with forest cover data.

8. Forest Fires
Deliberate burning of large-scale plantation owners to clear the land, and by local communities to protest against the plantation or logging operations cause a large fire that was not controlled, a vast and unprecedented intensitasnyan

C. Effect

1. Decrease in productivity of land for agriculture and plantations, the decline in land productivity have an impact on agricultural productivity and food production that have a direct impact on economic income at the community level.

2. Critical lands lost the ability to resist erosion and water fishing power caused flooding in the rainy season and water shortage in dry season.

3. Scarcity of natural resources in this case related to the forest, while also able to trigger such conflicts are struggles over resources.

4. State revenue reductions due to cost incurred in disaster management, land rehabilitation and management of conflicts at the community level.

5. Deforestation causes damage to the forest is a habitat for a number of flora and fauna, although not certain data has estimated Indonesia would lose one of 50 species each year in the future (Bappenas, 2003).

D. Solutions
Some of the following steps to reduce the rate and effects of deforestation:

1. Associated with logging and timber industry, particularly in terms of managing the concession / timber can be enhanced by policy reform: to improve forest management rights guarantees for concession holders.

2. Done to overcome the gap felling of forest destruction. In addition to restoring damaged forest conditions, logging breaks also provide time for a government fix-chaotic chaos forestry sector

3. Forest Plantation Development and Industrial Crops, derived from the practice of conversion of forest into plantation areas and other use areas, it is necessary to halt forest conversion.

4. Acreage of land mines that opened vast areas greatly affect the decrease in forest area and the land becomes open and the many holes caused by mining activities, the Payers make improvements in post-mining activities.

5. Afforestation site intensification especially in forested areas that are not functioning.

*terimakasih*
alieza n. dewi
SMA 1 Kudus
X6-04

DEFORESTATION

assalamualaikaum.wr.wb

This opportunity, I convey some interesting information about the environmental damage is one of Deforestation. hopefully useful !

GREEN PEACE, SAY NO TO GLOBAL WARMING.........

DEFORESTATION

a. What is deforestation?

Indonesia has 10% world's tropical forests remain. Indonesia's forests have 12% of the total species of mammals, or mammals, 16% owner of the animal species of reptiles and amphibians, 1519 species of birds and 25% of the world's fish species. Some of them are endemic or found only in those areas. Indonesian original natural forest area shrinks with an alarming speed. Until recently, Indonesia has lost its original forest by 72 percent due to deforestation. Deforestation is the clearing of natural forests by logging and burning.

b. Causes of Deforestation factor

Deforestation in many caused by:
• Rights of Forest Tenure by big companies.

• Economic Activity.

• Forest inidustri plants.
• Land Convention became a plantation on a large scale.

• Exploit the trees without reforestation.

• government's Transmigration Program into forest areas.
• Forest fires.

• Ignoring or ignorance of the intrinsic value, the lack of value derived, negligent management of forests and less environmental law are some factors that allow large-scale deforestation occurred.

c. As a result of deforestation

• Deforestation causes global warming and is one major cause of increasing greenhouse effect of about 20% CO2 from the world's greenhouse gas emissions.
• Deforestation reduces the moisture content in soil and ground water and atmospheric moisture and reduce soil cohesion, so that erosion, flooding and landslides occurred.
• The removal or destruction of forest areas can lead to degradation of the environment by reducing both the biodiversity extinction of flora and fauna in the world.
• From the economic point of view usually causes excessive exploitation of national income is lower due to declining timber harvests and lack of awareness of forest reforestation.

• The appearance of various diseases and the human need for Natural Resources both plants and animals will be hampered.

d. Solution:

We can do the forest environmental conservation by protect, manage, and renew natural resources in real-life That Also includes water, soil, climate, and all about livingthing protection. So that these activities could at least reduce the impact of logging while we can do it. The Following Are Some methods for the environmental conservation forest, What Can We do:
• Maintaining the stability of the environment around us in order to maintain the balance of the ecosystem by not damage plants, reforestation, planting plants around the house.
• Planting and rehabilitation of barren land.

So I convey, hopefully useful for us all. amien

now....
only one say " lets go Green Nature "

wassalamualaikum.wr.wb.

By : Afrilya Puji Prayoga
SMA 1 Kudus (X6 community)

How to Solve Ozone Layer Destruction

Definition :
Ozone layer, situated in the stratosphere about 15 to 30 km above earth's surface, plays the important role of "space suit" that protect us living beings by absorbing harmful ultra violet radiation(UVB)from the sun.

So, Ozone layer destruction is...
Damage or decreases of stratospheric ozone over Earth's Polar Regions during the same period which it being destroyed by CFCs and other substances from the sun.

Factor which causes:

• The primary cause is the presence of chlorine-containing source gases (primarily CFCs and related halocarbons)

• The role of sunlight also explained the reason why the Antartic ozone destoyed is greatest during spring.

Process:

Effect to environment (human, animal, abiotic):

On Human:

• Basal and Squamous Cell Carcinomas. The most common forms of skin cancers in human. These caner are relativity mild and rarely fatal, although the treatment of squuamous cell carcinoma, sometimes requires extensive reconstructive surgery
• Maligmant melanoma. Another skin cancer, but not more dangerouse (less dominant)

• Cortical cataracts

On Animal and plant:

• Might be extinction or scarcity of animal species
• A number of economically residing on their roots for retention of nitrogen.
• Cyanobacteria are sensitive to UV light and they would be affected by UV radiation increase.

On Abiotic Factors:

• Might be global warming in serious condition and will happen more fast, so all of living thing in earth is being destroyed because our nature is broken.
  

How to Solve the Ozone Layer Destroyed:

• Minimize high altitude aircraft flights (oxygen reduction and water vapor deposition)
• Minimize rocket flights (water vapor deposition)
• Encourage growth of plants that produce oxygen, discourage deforestation
• Decrease / control releases of high temperature steam / moisture to the atmosphere
• Eliminate production and release of known ozone depleting chemicals (such as CFCs and HCFCs) where remotely possible. Subsidize production of safer alternatives where possible.
• Establish controls to assure that new compounds to be used in high volume, are surveyed for effect on ozone.

Actions an Individual Can Take :

• Try to use products which are labeled "Ozone-Friendly"
• Ensure technicians repairing your refrigerator or air conditioner recover and recycle the old CFCs so they are not released into the atmosphere.
• Vehicle air conditioning units should regularly be checked for leaks.
• Ask about converting your car to a substitute refrigerant if the a/c system needs major repair
• Help start a refrigerant recovery and recycling program in your area if none already exists.
• Replace halon fire extinguishers with alternatives (e.g. carbon dioxide or foam).
• Suggest school activities to increase awareness of the problem and to initiate local action.

Save our earth for our life!

By : Eka Ayu K
SMASA (SMA 1 Kudus)

TBS, One Way to Minimize The Pests (Rats)

There are some ways to minimize the pests, but the way the most secure and easy to do is use TBS (Trap Barrier System) or in Indonesian is “Sistem Perangkap Bubu”. This way without using chemical, so isn’t dangerous to our environment.

TBS is plastic fence that can protect crop and herded the rats into a rat trap with a hole trap placed facing out.

To make TBS, we need :

1. Thick plastic to make the fence (1 kg of plastic to about 13 m. Split the plastic with the width about 50-60 cm).
2. Bamboo stake to stand up plastic fence and Bubu trap.
3. Plastic or wire rope to stand up the plastic fence.
4. stick (lidi) to glue the plastic on a string.
5. 16 units Bubu trap per hectares.

Then, this are the ways to make TBS :

1. Clean the land
2. Place the bamboo stake 10 cm below the soil with the high is 60 cm above the ground. Spacing of about 1 m per bamboo stakes
3. Plant the food crops or holticulture
4. Dig a trench at the bund with a width of 50 cm
5. Belt the plastic into 3 rows (the top, middle and bottom)
6. Put plastic along the bamboo stake which have been installed
7. Fold the top of plastic in a bit with the rope in it and clipped by a stick in order to stretch the plastic tight and neat so the wind does not easily separated
8. Pair the Bubu trap with a maximum distance of 20 m. Bubu installed by using bamboo, fastened about 15 cm of soil (not flooded). Set 16 Bubu traps per ha
9. Create the entryway by putting bamboo from the bund to Bubu trap

So that this way of running a successful, we must keep the Bubu trap with check its condition. Empty the Bubu trap from the rats which have been caught as early as possible each morning. Then, avoid drainage of grass or weeds. And also, we must fix immediately if there is a hole in the plastic.

How to solve GLOBAL WARMING

Defintion of global warming
Global warming is increasing of global temperature from year to year because the green house effect that caused by the increasingof gas emission such as CO2,CH4,N2O, and CFC,so the solar energy trap in the atmosphere of earth

Factor which cause
-Air polution
-green house
-Burning Forest
-deforestation
-CFC
-CH4
-N2O
-CO2
-smoke transportation

Process
Solar energy absorbed and reflected by the earth"s atmosphere.The earth suerface is absorbed and absorbed solar energy radiates into space,green hose gases absorb heat radiated through the atmosphere.The gas radiates heat back into all directions remained largely above,more and more gas means more heat is trapped i the atmosphere, the temperature will automatically rise,global warming occurs.

Effect to Environment
* Effect to human
-annoyance to the function of beach area
-annoyance to the function of infrastructure ( street,airport)
-annoyance to the residental
-decreasing of farm production
-increasing of cancer(kanker) and many disesase

* Effect to animal
-Extinct some animal or plant
-Animal migration
-Plant disease (hama/pest)

* Effect to abiotic
-Melt the ice in the polar
-Increasing of rain and flood
-Desert expansion
-The changing of climate
-Increasing of water sea
-Increasing the temperature of earth

HOW TO SOLVE??????

*Replace light bulbs.

Immediately replace your incandescent light bulbs with fluorescent lights. This fluorescent lamp requires less energy than incandescent lamps. Remember that every electric power resources to which you participate then you spend electric energy resources, mostly fossil fuel. Fossil fuels are nonrenewable fuels, and within the next ten years this type of fuel may be discharged.

*Avoid Screen Saver

Shut down your computer if it will not be used in long-term, or if you are forced to leave the computer in a state of lights, turn off the screen saver. Activating the screen saver will take some energy and Co2 emissions. So turn off your screen saver now!

*Limit the usage of paper

Embed this in your mind firmly, that each time you use a piece of paper then you have cut down a tree. Therefore, use paper-effective manner for example by printing out and back print on each paper.

*Open the window

In America, most of the 22.7 tons of CO2 emissions come from home. Most of these emissions or waste gas from the air conditioner, refrigerator, gas stove or refrigerator

*Use organic fertilizers.

Most farmers used fertilizer containing nitrogen, which then turned into the effects of greenhouse gases N2O (Greenhouse Gas) 320 times greater than CO2. If you use organic fertilizer gardening hobby. In addition to safe, cheap too.

*Plant a bamboo grove

Trees are proven able to absorb CO2, but it turns out a tree or clump of bamboo can absorb four times more CO2 than other tree.

*Public transport

Currently, the number of private vehicles has been very much and make stuffy. Transportation sector contributes up to 14% of greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere, if we use a common vehicle we reduce greenhouse gas emissions, because in a public vehicle can carry dozens of people, and it is very save energy. Compared with private vehicles like cars that carry only a maximum of four people.

*Buying local products

Local products would not require a long distribution lines and requires a lot of fuel. This means reducing CO2 emissions released from cars.

*Efficient living

Regardless of human activities on Earth will have an impact on the earth we live. Energy consumption patterns, environmental patterns and so forth

*reduce your us of fossil fuels
*Protect native forest as " carbon greenhouse "

BY ; Bayu Ibnugroho SMASA Kudus X-1