deforestation

deforestation

A. Definition
Deforestation is the clearing of natural forest by logging and burning. Deforestation is a condition when the level of the forest area which was a decline in quality and quantity.

B. Factor

1. Forest Tenure Rights
More than half of Indonesia's forest areas allocated for timber production based on selective logging system. Many timber companies that violate the traditional patterns of ownership or land use rights. If a company applying for permission HPH forest conversion is approved, then the forest will be cleared out and converted to forest plantations or plantation industry.

2. Industrial plantation forests
Industrial plantation forests have been heavily promoted and given a subsidy as a way to provide timber supplies for the rapidly growing industry in Indonesia, but this way of bringing pressure on natural forests. There is the possibility of land has been cleared or in the near future will be cleared. But only about 2 million ha have been planted, while the remaining area of 7 million ha of open land that became neglected and unproductive.

3. Plantation
Spike of plantation development, especially oil palm plantations, is another cause of deforestation. Nearly 7 million ha of forest had been approved for conversion to plantations until the end of 1997 and this forest has almost certainly been cleared.

4. Illegal logging
Illegal logging is a hands-on cutting of trees in the forests of the country illegally. Felling trees within the meaning actually for the purpose of illegal timber exploitation. Production of wood from logging concessions, industrial timber plantations and forest conversion as a whole provides less than half the wood raw material needed by the wood processing industry in Indonesia. Imported timber is relatively small, and the shortcomings of pembalaka illegally filled.

5. Convention Land
The role of small-scale traditional agriculture, compared with other causes of deforestation, are the subject of great controversy. There are no accurate estimates are available about the extent of the forests are opened by small-scale farmers.

6. Transmigration Program
Pemindahkan residents of densely populated Java Island to other islands. The program is expected to open forest land nearly 2 million ha during the whole period. In addition, small farmers and small-scale investors are opportunists as well as the causes of deforestation contribute because they build plantation land, the forest was opened to logging and plantation operations that its scale is greater.

7. Population Density
Fraser (1996) suggested that growth of population density is a fundamental explanation to the problem of deforestation in Indonesia. Population density data for each province in Indonesia has shown an inverse relationship with forest cover data.

8. Forest Fires
Deliberate burning of large-scale plantation owners to clear the land, and by local communities to protest against the plantation or logging operations cause a large fire that was not controlled, a vast and unprecedented intensitasnyan

C. Effect

1. Decrease in productivity of land for agriculture and plantations, the decline in land productivity have an impact on agricultural productivity and food production that have a direct impact on economic income at the community level.

2. Critical lands lost the ability to resist erosion and water fishing power caused flooding in the rainy season and water shortage in dry season.

3. Scarcity of natural resources in this case related to the forest, while also able to trigger such conflicts are struggles over resources.

4. State revenue reductions due to cost incurred in disaster management, land rehabilitation and management of conflicts at the community level.

5. Deforestation causes damage to the forest is a habitat for a number of flora and fauna, although not certain data has estimated Indonesia would lose one of 50 species each year in the future (Bappenas, 2003).

D. Solutions
Some of the following steps to reduce the rate and effects of deforestation:

1. Associated with logging and timber industry, particularly in terms of managing the concession / timber can be enhanced by policy reform: to improve forest management rights guarantees for concession holders.

2. Done to overcome the gap felling of forest destruction. In addition to restoring damaged forest conditions, logging breaks also provide time for a government fix-chaotic chaos forestry sector

3. Forest Plantation Development and Industrial Crops, derived from the practice of conversion of forest into plantation areas and other use areas, it is necessary to halt forest conversion.

4. Acreage of land mines that opened vast areas greatly affect the decrease in forest area and the land becomes open and the many holes caused by mining activities, the Payers make improvements in post-mining activities.

5. Afforestation site intensification especially in forested areas that are not functioning.

*terimakasih*
alieza n. dewi
SMA 1 Kudus
X6-04